http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3254057\/?tool=pubmed<\/a><\/p>\nA continuacion el resumen del articulo en espa\u00f1ol.<\/p>\n
Descubriendo los mecanismos para la disminuci\u00f3n de glutati\u00f3n en personas con infecci\u00f3n por el VIH<\/strong><\/p>\nAutores: Devin Morris, un Carlos Guerra, 2 Clara Donohue, 3 Hyoung Oh, 1 Melissa Khurasany, 4 y Vishwanath Venketaraman 1, 5
\n1 Colegio de graduados de la universidad de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, EE.UU.
\n2 Departamento de Ciencias de la Facultad de Medicina Osteop\u00e1tica de la del Pac\u00edfico, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, EE.UU.
\n3 Pitzer College, 1050 N Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, EE.UU.
\n4 Colegio de Medicina Dental del Pac\u00edfico, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, EE.UU.
\n5 Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas B\u00e1sicas de la Facultad de Medicina Osteop\u00e1tica de la del Pac\u00edfico, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, EE.UU.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n
Recibido el 03 de agosto 2011, revisado 27 de septiembre 2011, aceptado 27 de septiembre 2011.<\/p>\n
Resumen<\/strong><\/p>\nSe analizaron las causas de la disminuci\u00f3n de glutati\u00f3n (GSH) en individuos con infecci\u00f3n por VIH. Hemos observado los niveles m\u00e1s bajos de GSH intracelular en los macr\u00f3fagos de las personas con VIH en comparaci\u00f3n con sujetos sanos. Adem\u00e1s, se ha encontrado que la composici\u00f3n de GSH se encuentra en macr\u00f3fagos de VIH + favorece al glutation oxidado (GSSG) que carece de actividad antioxidante.<\/p>\n
Se observ\u00f3 una disminuci\u00f3n de expresi\u00f3n de los genes que codifican las enzimas responsables de la s\u00edntesis de GSH en los macr\u00f3fagos derivados de los sujetos VIH + que utilizan la PCR cuantitativa (qPCR). Nuestros resultados indican que la producci\u00f3n excesiva de citoquinas proinflamatorias en los individuos VIH + conducen a una mayor producci\u00f3n de radicales libres. Esto, combinado con la disminuci\u00f3n de expresi\u00f3n de las enzimas de s\u00edntesis de GSH conduce a un agotamiento de GSH libre y puede conducir en parte a la p\u00e9rdida de la funci\u00f3n inmune observada en pacientes con VIH.<\/strong><\/p>\nGSH es un trip\u00e9ptido compuesto de glutamina, ciste\u00edna, glicina y que juega un papel importante en el mantenimiento del estado redox intracelular. GSH es tambi\u00e9n importante para la homeostasis celular, as\u00ed como diferentes funciones celulares como la s\u00edntesis de prote\u00ednas, cat\u00e1lisis enzim\u00e1tica, transporte transmembrana, la acci\u00f3n del receptor, el metabolismo intermediario y maduraci\u00f3n de las c\u00e9lulas [ 10 – 12 ].<\/p>\n
Es nuestra hip\u00f3tesis de que la infecci\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica por VIH conduce a una producci\u00f3n excesiva de citoquinas proinflamatorias como la IL-1, IL-17, y el TNF-\u03b1. La sobreproducci\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica de citoquinas proinflamatorias conduce a la generaci\u00f3n de radicales libres. Estos radicales libres son eliminados por el GSH libre. La producci\u00f3n excesiva de radicales libres en individuos infectados con VIH conducir\u00e1 a la disminuci\u00f3n de GSH, lo que producira una caida subita del sistema inmunologico.<\/strong><\/p>\nResultados.<\/strong><\/p>\nLa medici\u00f3n de las concentraciones de IL-1 en el plasma de individuos sanos e infectada por el VIH-revel\u00f3 un aumento significativo en las cantidades de IL-1 presente en el plasma de individuos infectados con VIH m\u00e1s de los que se encuentran en individuos sanos.<\/strong> Tambi\u00e9n se observ\u00f3 un aumento significativo en los niveles de TGF-\u03b2 en el plasma de individuos infectados con VIH en comparaci\u00f3n con sujetos sanos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Adem\u00e1s de las citocinas mencionadas anteriormente, tambi\u00e9n ensayaron las concentraciones de MDA en los lisados \u200b\u200bde macr\u00f3fagos de sujetos sanos y VIH-infectada. La MDA es un subproducto formado durante la peroxidaci\u00f3n lip\u00eddica. La medici\u00f3n de la MDA ha demostrado ser una representaci\u00f3n razonablemente precisa de la formaci\u00f3n de radicales libres [ 13 , 14 ]. Nuestro ensayo de MDA revel\u00f3 aumento de los niveles en los macr\u00f3fagos lisados \u200b\u200bde individuos infectados por VIH sobre los individuos sanos. Estos elevados niveles de MDA corresponden a la elevada producci\u00f3n de radicales libres.<\/strong><\/p>\nNuestro test para la supervivencia intracelular de M. de la Tuberculosis en los macr\u00f3fagos aislados demostrado un crecimiento de M. de la tuberculosis en los macr\u00f3fagos tanto sanos como infectados por el VIH, sin embargo, hubo varias veces el aumento en el crecimiento de M. de la tuberculosis en los macr\u00f3fagos de sujetos infectados con VIH. De hecho, hab\u00eda m\u00e1s de 3 veces la M. de la tuberculosis crecimiento en los macr\u00f3fagos infectados por el VIH en comparaci\u00f3n con los macr\u00f3fagos sanos. Estos resultados confirman que la capacidad de los macr\u00f3fagos recogidos de sujetos infectados con VIH para controlar las infecciones se ve perjudicada.<\/strong><\/p>\nDiscusion<\/strong><\/p>\nEl estr\u00e9s oxidativo cr\u00f3nico se observa com\u00fanmente en pacientes con VIH, lo que indica ser una ventaja el aumento de los suplementos de antioxidantes, que pueden reducir el da\u00f1o del ADN, posiblemente retrasando la progresi\u00f3n de la infecci\u00f3n [ 28 ]. La progresi\u00f3n de la infecci\u00f3n por VIH se caracteriza por una p\u00e9rdida de c\u00e9lulas T CD4 + y la disminuci\u00f3n de la inmunidad. Una prolongada sobrecarga de radicales libres de los monocitos y granulocitos en combinaci\u00f3n con la disminuci\u00f3n de la producci\u00f3n de las enzimas de s\u00edntesis de GSH indicados por nuestros experimentos contribuyen a la deficiencia de los mecanismos antioxidantes, del GSH, en particular. Esto puede conducir a la p\u00e9rdida de c\u00e9lulas T CD4 + a menudo visto en la progresi\u00f3n del VIH<\/strong><\/p>\nPara concluir, se observ\u00f3 una correlaci\u00f3n entre la disminuci\u00f3n de los niveles intracelulares de GSH, aumento de citoquinas proinflamatorias, y el aumento de los radicales libres. Nuestros datos apoyan la hip\u00f3tesis de que la disminuci\u00f3n de los niveles intracelulares de GSH en individuos infectados por VIH es el resultado de una sobreproducci\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica de citoquinas inflamatorias (IL-1, TNF-\u03b1 y la IL-17), y las citoquinas TGF-\u03b2 () que interfieren con la bios\u00edntesis de GSH. Nuestros datos tambi\u00e9n apoyan la idea de que la inflamaci\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica conduce a una mayor producci\u00f3n de radicales libres, que a su vez promueven la producci\u00f3n de citocinas proinflamatorias, y por lo tanto un mayor agotamiento del GSH intracelular, y el aumento de la producci\u00f3n de radicales libres. Creemos que esta es un ciclo de autopromoci\u00f3n de la inflamaci\u00f3n. En estudios futuros, esperamos demostrar que este ciclo se puede romper, aumentando el GSH. Si tiene \u00e9xito, nuestros datos indican la posibilidad de la eficacia de la terapia de suplemento de GSH en las personas con VIH y M. de tuberculosis.<\/p>\n
Referencias.<\/strong><\/p>\n1. World Health Organization. Global summary of the AIDS epidemic. 2009. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/data\/2009_global_summary.png<\/a>.
\n2. Chiang CY, Centis R, Migliori GB. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: past, present, future. Respirology. 2010;15(3):413\u2013432.
\n3. Dutta NK, Mehra S, Kaushal D. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor network responds to cell-envelope damage by the promising anti-mycobacterial thioridazine. PLoS One. 2010;5(4) Article ID e10069.
\n4. Venketaraman V, Dayaram YK, Amin AG, et al. Role of glutathione in macrophage control of mycobacteria. Infection and Immunity. 2003;71(4):1864\u20131871.
\n5. Venketaraman V, Dayaram YK, Talaue MT, Connell ND. Glutathione and nitrosoglutathione in macrophage defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infection and Immunity. 2005;73(3):1886\u20131889.
\n6. Dayaram YK, Talaue MT, Connell ND, Venketaraman V. Characterization of a glutathione metabolic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its resistance to glutathione and nitrosoglutathione. Journal of Bacteriology. 2006;188(4):1364\u20131372.
\n7. Millman AC, Salman M, Dayaram YK, Connell ND, Venketaraman V. Natural killer cells, glutathione, cytokines, and innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2008;28(3):1\u201313.
\n8. Venketaraman V, Rodgers T, Linares R, et al. Tuberculosis immunity in healthy and HIV-infected subjects. AIDS Research and Therapy. 2006;3(1, article 5)
\n9. Venketaraman V, Millman A, Salman M, et al. Glutathione levels and immune responses in tuberculosis patients. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2008;44(3):255\u2013261.
\n10. Zhang H, Jay Forman H, Choi J. \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase in glutathione biosynthesis. Methods in Enzymology. 2005;401:468\u2013483.
\n11. Hanigan MH. \u03b3-Glutamyl transpeptidase, a glutathionase: its expression and function in carcinogenesis. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1998;111-112:333\u2013342.
\n12. Heisterkamp N, Groffen J, Warburton D, Sneddon TP. The human gamma-glutamyltransferase gene family. Human Genetics. 2008;123(4):321\u2013332.
\n13. Yagi K. Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or plasma. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1998;108:101\u2013106.
\n14. Armstrong D, Browne R. The analysis of free radicals, lipid peroxides, antioxidant enzymes and compounds related to oxidative stress as applied to the clinical chemistry laboratory. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994;366:43\u201358.
\n15. Russell DG, VanderVen BC, Lee W, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis wears what it eats. Cell Host & Microbe. 2010;8(1):68\u201376.
\n16. Liu PT, Modlin RL. Human macrophage host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Current Opinion in Immunology. 2008;20(4):371\u2013376.
\n17. Nathan C, Shiloh MU. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000;97(16):8841\u20138848.
\n18. Nambu A, Nakae S. IL-1 and allergy. Allergology International. 2010;59(2):125\u2013135.
\n19. Merrill JE, Koyanagi Y, Chen ISY. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 can be induced from mononuclear phagocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binding to the CD4 receptor. Journal of Virology. 1989;63(10):4404\u20134408. [PMC free article]
\n20. Cheung R, Ravyn V, Wang L, Ptasznik A, Collman RG. Signaling mechanism of HIV-1 gp120 and virion-induced IL-1\u03b2 release in primary human macrophages. Journal of Immunology. 2008;180(10):6675\u20136684.
\n21. Bakin AV, Stourman NV, Sekhar KR, et al. Smad3-ATF3 signaling mediates TGF-\u03b2 suppression of genes encoding Phase II detoxifying proteins. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2005;38(3):375\u2013387.
\n22. Franklin CC, Rosenfeld-Franklin ME, White C, Kavanagh TJ, Fausto N. TGF\u03b21-induced suppression of glutathione antioxidant defenses in hepatocytes: caspase-dependent post-translational and caspase-independent transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. FASEB Journal. 2003;17(11):1535\u20131537.
\n23. Crome SQ, Wang AY, Levings MK. Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: function and regulation of human T helper 17 cells in health and disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2010;159(2):109\u2013119.
\n24. Chang SH, Dong C. A novel heterodimeric cytokine consisting of IL-17 and IL-17F regulates inflammatory responses. Cell Research. 2007;17(5):435\u2013440.
\n25. Brenchley JM, Paiardini M, Knox KS, et al. Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections. Blood. 2008;112(7):2826\u20132835.
\n26. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2003;3(2):133\u2013146.
\n27. Villinger F, Ansari AA. Role of IL-12 in HIV infection and vaccine. European Cytokine Network. 2010;21(3):215\u2013218.
\n28. Jaruga P, Jaruga B, Gackowski D, et al. Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins prevents oxidative modification of DNA in lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2002;32(5):414\u2013420.
\n29. Dobmeyer TS, Findhammer S, Dobmeyer JM, et al. Ex vivo induction of apoptosis in lymphocytes is mediated by oxidative stress: role for lymphocyte loss in HIV infection. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1997;22(5):775\u2013785.
\n30. Bautista AP. Free radicals, chemokines, and cell injury in HIV-1 and SIV infections and alcoholic hepatitis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2001;31(12):1527\u20131532.
\n31. Lieberman MW, Wiseman AL, Shi ZZ, et al. Growth retardation and cysteine deficiency in \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996;93(15):7923\u20137926.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Estudio publicado en PubMed.com (Libreria Nacional de Medicina de USA) en Diciembre de 2011. El articulo original completo en ingles puede consultarse en el siguiente<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":934,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/descarga-42.jpg?fit=800%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/617"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=617"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":935,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/617\/revisions\/935"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/934"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/data\/2009_global_summary.png<\/a>.\n2. Chiang CY, Centis R, Migliori GB. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: past, present, future. Respirology. 2010;15(3):413\u2013432.\n3. Dutta NK, Mehra S, Kaushal D. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor network responds to cell-envelope damage by the promising anti-mycobacterial thioridazine. PLoS One. 2010;5(4) Article ID e10069.\n4. Venketaraman V, Dayaram YK, Amin AG, et al. Role of glutathione in macrophage control of mycobacteria. Infection and Immunity. 2003;71(4):1864\u20131871.\n5. Venketaraman V, Dayaram YK, Talaue MT, Connell ND. Glutathione and nitrosoglutathione in macrophage defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infection and Immunity. 2005;73(3):1886\u20131889.\n6. Dayaram YK, Talaue MT, Connell ND, Venketaraman V. Characterization of a glutathione metabolic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its resistance to glutathione and nitrosoglutathione. Journal of Bacteriology. 2006;188(4):1364\u20131372.\n7. Millman AC, Salman M, Dayaram YK, Connell ND, Venketaraman V. Natural killer cells, glutathione, cytokines, and innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2008;28(3):1\u201313.\n8. Venketaraman V, Rodgers T, Linares R, et al. Tuberculosis immunity in healthy and HIV-infected subjects. AIDS Research and Therapy. 2006;3(1, article 5)\n9. Venketaraman V, Millman A, Salman M, et al. Glutathione levels and immune responses in tuberculosis patients. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2008;44(3):255\u2013261.\n10. Zhang H, Jay Forman H, Choi J. \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase in glutathione biosynthesis. Methods in Enzymology. 2005;401:468\u2013483.\n11. Hanigan MH. \u03b3-Glutamyl transpeptidase, a glutathionase: its expression and function in carcinogenesis. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1998;111-112:333\u2013342.\n12. Heisterkamp N, Groffen J, Warburton D, Sneddon TP. The human gamma-glutamyltransferase gene family. Human Genetics. 2008;123(4):321\u2013332.\n13. Yagi K. Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or plasma. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1998;108:101\u2013106.\n14. Armstrong D, Browne R. The analysis of free radicals, lipid peroxides, antioxidant enzymes and compounds related to oxidative stress as applied to the clinical chemistry laboratory. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994;366:43\u201358.\n15. Russell DG, VanderVen BC, Lee W, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis wears what it eats. Cell Host & Microbe. 2010;8(1):68\u201376.\n16. Liu PT, Modlin RL. Human macrophage host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Current Opinion in Immunology. 2008;20(4):371\u2013376.\n17. Nathan C, Shiloh MU. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000;97(16):8841\u20138848.\n18. Nambu A, Nakae S. IL-1 and allergy. Allergology International. 2010;59(2):125\u2013135.\n19. Merrill JE, Koyanagi Y, Chen ISY. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 can be induced from mononuclear phagocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binding to the CD4 receptor. Journal of Virology. 1989;63(10):4404\u20134408. [PMC free article]\n20. Cheung R, Ravyn V, Wang L, Ptasznik A, Collman RG. Signaling mechanism of HIV-1 gp120 and virion-induced IL-1\u03b2 release in primary human macrophages. Journal of Immunology. 2008;180(10):6675\u20136684.\n21. Bakin AV, Stourman NV, Sekhar KR, et al. Smad3-ATF3 signaling mediates TGF-\u03b2 suppression of genes encoding Phase II detoxifying proteins. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2005;38(3):375\u2013387.\n22. Franklin CC, Rosenfeld-Franklin ME, White C, Kavanagh TJ, Fausto N. TGF\u03b21-induced suppression of glutathione antioxidant defenses in hepatocytes: caspase-dependent post-translational and caspase-independent transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. FASEB Journal. 2003;17(11):1535\u20131537.\n23. Crome SQ, Wang AY, Levings MK. Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: function and regulation of human T helper 17 cells in health and disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2010;159(2):109\u2013119.\n24. Chang SH, Dong C. A novel heterodimeric cytokine consisting of IL-17 and IL-17F regulates inflammatory responses. Cell Research. 2007;17(5):435\u2013440.\n25. Brenchley JM, Paiardini M, Knox KS, et al. Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections. Blood. 2008;112(7):2826\u20132835.\n26. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2003;3(2):133\u2013146.\n27. Villinger F, Ansari AA. Role of IL-12 in HIV infection and vaccine. European Cytokine Network. 2010;21(3):215\u2013218.\n28. Jaruga P, Jaruga B, Gackowski D, et al. Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins prevents oxidative modification of DNA in lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2002;32(5):414\u2013420.\n29. Dobmeyer TS, Findhammer S, Dobmeyer JM, et al. Ex vivo induction of apoptosis in lymphocytes is mediated by oxidative stress: role for lymphocyte loss in HIV infection. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1997;22(5):775\u2013785.\n30. Bautista AP. Free radicals, chemokines, and cell injury in HIV-1 and SIV infections and alcoholic hepatitis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2001;31(12):1527\u20131532.\n31. Lieberman MW, Wiseman AL, Shi ZZ, et al. Growth retardation and cysteine deficiency in \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996;93(15):7923\u20137926.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Estudio publicado en PubMed.com (Libreria Nacional de Medicina de USA) en Diciembre de 2011. El articulo original completo en ingles puede consultarse en el siguiente<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":934,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/descarga-42.jpg?fit=800%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/617"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=617"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":935,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/617\/revisions\/935"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/934"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--vivetussueoshoy-7qb.com\/glutationparatodos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}](\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/data\/2009_global_summary.png\"){kind=link}